New York State, like much of the country, is grappling with producing more housing units—including those serving low- and moderate-income residents. The New York Fed and NYU’s Furman Center recently convened a series of roundtables that brought together builders, developers, and housing experts to discuss affordable housing challenges and solutions. This article, the first in a two-part series on the issue, reflects the discussion, with a focus on factors that make housing more expensive to build and ideas to reduce costs and increase production.